In the pursuit of cleaner and more sustainable energy, the photovoltaic (PV) industry is undergoing a transformative revolution aimed at achieving higher conversion efficiency. While the goal of 100% conversion remains distant, each technological advancement brings us closer to it. Short- and medium-term breakthroughs lay the groundwork for long-term progress. The era of new energy has arrived. Photovoltaics now power countless households, providing clean, affordable, and sustainable green energy, benefiting our planet.

Legacy and Evolution: BSF Cells

Back Surface Field (BSF) technology, one of the earliest in polycrystalline black silicon cells, suffers significant photovoltaic loss due to infrared reflection, resulting in less than 20% conversion efficiency. As the market shifts towards more efficient alternatives, BSF technology gradually fades.

Current Leader: PERC Cells

Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) technology dominates large-scale production in the solar industry, achieving a significant leap with a 23.3% conversion efficiency in 2023. Their silicon dioxide passivation layer enhances sunlight absorption, thereby improving efficiency. Compatible with high-efficiency cell technologies, PERC cells serve as a platform for further development.

Emerging Advantages: TopCon Cells

Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TopCon) cells, the new favorite in the industry, achieved a 25% conversion efficiency in 2023, offering about a 1.5% efficiency improvement over their p-type counterparts. Gradually replacing PERC cells to become the industry's mainstay.

Next-Generation Potential: HJT

Heterojunction Technology (HJT) cells offer an additional 0.2-0.3% efficiency improvement over TopCon. Additionally, they increase production efficiency by 2% in mass production while reducing consumption of auxiliary materials like silver paste, crucial for cost reduction.

Bright Future: Perovskite Cells

Perovskite cells, though still in the experimental stage, promise to redefine PV efficiency standards. Demonstrating efficiencies between 30-40%, surpassing silicon-based technologies, they offer the advantage of shorter production cycles, although the feasibility of large-scale production remains to be determined.

As the PV industry innovates to meet demand, the emergence of more iterative technologies will shape the future. The relentless pursuit of higher conversion efficiency, alongside cost reduction imperatives, positions PV as a mainstream power source. The progress in solar technology is not just a story of scientific breakthroughs; it's a narrative of continuous transformation and relentless upgrading, with each chapter bringing us closer to a cleaner, more sustainable energy future.

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